MANGO – Research and Development

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i) K . Fatema (2003). Serum glucose and insulin response to mango and papaya in type 2 diabetic subjects. Nutrition Research , Volume 23 , Issue 1 , Pages 9 – 14.

To rank Bangladeshi Mango and Papaya in terms of their Glycemic Index (GI) and Insulinemic Index (II), which are useful measures of glucose and insulin responses to a dietary component, thirteen type 2 diabetic subjects consumed, under a cross-over design, equi-carbohydrate amounts of mango (250 g), papaya (602 g) and white bread (the reference food, 63 g). Blood sample was drawn 5 times between 0h and 3h. Serum C-peptide was measured to evaluate Insulinemic status. Mango and Papaya showed higher serum glucose responses compared to that of bread. The similar glycemic responses of Papaya and Mango were reflected in their GI values. Papaya showed higher insulin response compared to both Mango and Bread (p < 0.001). Papaya also showed significantly higher C-peptide–glucose ratio in comparison to that of Mango and Bread. The data suggest that equi-carbohydrate amount of Papaya and Mango produce higher glycemic response as compared to bread, but the two fruits are comparable regarding this property. The higher insulin response of papaya needs to be considered in case of therapeutic management of diabetic patients and in assessing the risk of atherogenesis due to hyperinsulinemia.

ii)   Bakary S. Drammeh^*,, Grace S. Marquis^**3, Ellen Funkhouser^*, Chris Bates, Isao Eto and Charles B Stephensen (2002). A Randomized, 4-Month Mango and

Supplementation with carotene-rich fruits may be an effectiveand sustainable approach to prevent vitamin A deficiency. Totest the effectiveness of mango supplementation, 176 Gambianchildren, aged 2 to 7 y, were randomly assigned to one of fourtreatments: 75 g of dried mango containing 150 µg retinolactivity equivalents with (MF) or without (M) 5 g of fat, 5d/wk for 4 mo or 60,000 µg of vitamin A (A) or placebo(P) capsule at baseline. After 4 mo, plasma ß-carotenewas greater in both the M (P < 0.05) and MF (P = 0.07) groupscompared with the P group. After controlling for baseline plasmaretinol, elevated acute phase proteins and age, plasma retinolconcentrations in the A and MF, but not M, groups were higherthan in the P group at the end of the study (P < 0.01). Increasesin retinol concentrations, however, were small in both groups.These results support the use of dietary supplementation withdried mangoes and a source of fat as one of several concurrentstrategies that can be used to help maintain vitamin A statusof children in developing countries where there is a severeseasonal shortage of carotenoid-rich foods.

iii) Caroline HF Thoo and Susi Freeman. (2008). Hypersensitivity reaction to the ingestion of mango flesh. Australasian Journal of Dermatology 49:2, 116–119.

A 42-year-old woman presented with a hypersensitivity reaction after the ingestion of a small amount of fresh mango gelato. She developed itchy palpable purpuric lesions over her arms, legs, neck and abdomen 4 days after ingestion. The lesions persisted for 5 weeks despite treatment with betamethasone-17 valerate 0.05% ointment and avoidance of mango. Resolution of these lesions was eventually achieved with continuing treatment. The patient denied any prior contact with mango skin but had experienced previous sensitizing reactions to mango flesh. Patch testing was strongly positive to mango skin and mango flesh. Skin-prick testing was negative. This case describes a systemic contact dermatitis to mango flesh, an entity less common than allergic contact dermatitis.

i).  A. MORENO, M. ELENA CASTELL-PEREZ, CARMEN GOMES, PAULO F. DA SILVA, JONGSOON KIM, ROSANA G. MOREIRA (2007) OPTIMIZING ELECTRON BEAM IRRADIATION OF “TOMMY ATKINS” MANGOES (MANGIFERA INDICA L.). Journal of Food Process Engineering 30 (4), 436–457.

We determined the optimum irradiation treatment for decontamination of physiologically mature fresh “Tommy Atkins” mangoes, without detriment to the fruits’ sensory and chemical properties. Mangoes were irradiated at 1.0, 1.5 and 3.1 kGy using a 10-MeV linear accelerator (14-kW LINAC, double beam mode). Mangoes were stored for 21 days at 12C and 62.7% relative humidity with non-irradiated fruits as controls. Dose distribution within the fruit was determined using Monte Carlotechniques. Irradiation did not affect the overall sensory quality of mangoes at doses up to 1.5 kGy. Only fruits irradiated at 3.1 kGy were unacceptable by the panelists. Irradiation at 3.1 kGy enhanced the fruit’s aroma characteristics. Irradiation at all levels caused a significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease (50–70%) in ascorbic acid content by the end of storage. Mangoes irradiated at 1.5 and 3.1 kGy had slightly higher levels of phenolics than the control (27.4 and 18.3%, respectively). E-beam irradiation of Tommy Atkins mangoes up to 3.0 kGy causes no detriment to the fruit’s overall sensory and chemical quality.

1. Diczbalis, Y., Wicks, C. and Landrigan, M. (1997). Heat sums to predict fruit maturity in mango (cv. Kensington Pride). Draft report for HRDC FR605 NTDPI&F.
2. Johnson, P.R. and Robinson, D.R. (1997). An evaluation of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars and their commercial suitability for theKimberley. Department of Agriculture. 21/97 ISSN 1326-4168 Agdex 234/34.
3. Morton, J. 1987. Mango. p. 221–239. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton,Miami,FL.
4. P.R. Johnson and D. Parr. Mango growing in Western Australia. Bulletin 4348
5. Maxwell, Lewis S. and Betty M. Maxwell. Florida Fruit. Lewis S. Maxwell, Publisher. 1984. pp. 61-63
6. Samson, J. A. Tropical Fruits. 2nd ed. Longman Scientific and Technical. 1986. pp. 216-234.
7. Sherrard, J., Johnson, P.R. and Luke, G. (1997). Mango irrigation requirements for the Broome and Ord irrigation areas of Western Australia. Department of Agriculture. Draft report.
8. Sites on Mango

• Subtropical/Trop. Fruit Crops Database: http://www.agnic.nal.usda.gov/agdb/stropfc.html
• Mango Produce Facts Linked from the Postharvest Outreach Program, UC Davis
• Mango Overview, Propagation, And Agroforestry Uses Linked from Cornell University
• All About Mangoes
• Mango Fruit Facts and Mango Publications Courtesy of California Rare Fruit Growers.
• Mango Information  Linked from NewCrops, Purdue University.
• Mango Tip Burn And Sunburn Images  Linked from Texas A & M.
• Mango Production Regions  Linked from the Dept. of Agronomy, U.C. Davis
• Mango-Research and Development A site on various aspects related to manoes
• Mango recipes, history, varieties etc  — http://freshmangoes.com. or http://freshmangoes.com/mangonews/
• Mango Index Linked Information Mango Produce Facts
• Mango Food Resource (http://osu.orst.edu/food-resource/index.html) Oregon State University, Corvallis
• Postharvest Handling of Pickling Mango
• Mango  an introductory description  http://www.safari.net/~lychee/mango.htm
• Mangoes – Preparation and nutrition information – Preparation, cooking, and nutritional information for Mangoes
• Mango Botanical Description
• Subtropical/Tropical Fruits Menu  University of Florida.
• Subtropical/Tropical Fruit Crops National Agriculture Library, USA
• Market Asia – Technical Information (Postharvest and Market Guides) http://www.marketasia.org/tech
• Mango Mania! is page devoted to the king of fruits http://www.delphis.dm/mango.htm
• http://www.destinationtropicals.com/tropical_plants/plant_43.asp
• http://mangoseedling.com/culturalmgmt.html