Common Varieties

 

Distribution and cultivars:
Classification:
Origin: The mango is native to southern Asia, especiallyBurma and easternIndia. It spread early on to Malaya, eastern Asia and easternAfrica. Mangos were introduced toCalifornia (Santa Barbara) in 1880.

 

Forms: The mango exists in two races, one fromIndia and the other from thePhilippines andSoutheast Asia. The Indian race is intolerant of humidity, has flushes of bright red new growth that are subject to mildew, and bears monoembryonic fruit of high color and regular form. The Indo-china and Philippine race tolerates excess moisture, has pale green or red new growth and resists mildew. Its polyembryonic fruit is pale green and elongated kidney-shaped.Philippines types fromMexico have proven to be the hardiest mangos inCalifornia.

 

Adaptation: Mangos basically require a frost-free climate. Flowers and small fruit can be killed if temperatures drop below 7.22° C, even for a short period. Young trees may be seriously damaged if the temperature drops below -1.1° C, but mature trees may withstand very short periods of temperatures as low as -3.9° C. The mango must have warm, dry weather to set fruit.

 

Common names
Mango, Mangot, Manga, Mangou

 

Related species: Bindjai (Mangifera caesia), Horse Mango (M. foetida), Kuweni mango (M. odorata).

 

Distant affinity: Cashew (Anacardium occidentale), Gandaria (Bouea gandaria), Pistachio (Pistacia vera), Marula (Sclerocarya birrea), Ambarella (Spondias cytherea), Yellow Mombin (Spondias mombin), Red Mombin (Spondias purpurea), Imbu (Spondias tuberosa).

 

Recommended varieties/ cultivars
Clone characteristics and cultivars:
(a)   Mango Cultivars: There are hundreds of mango cultivars distributed throughout the world, of which Asia andIndia have over 500 classified varieties have evolved and have been described and 69 species mostly restricted to tropical regions. Perhaps some of these varieties are duplicates with different names, but at least 350 are propagated in commercial nurseries. The highest diversity occurs inMalaysia, particularly in peninsular Malaya, Borneo andSumatra, representing the heart of the distribution range of the genus. The natural occurrence of all the Mangifera species extends as far north as 27 º latitude and asFar East as the Caroline Islands. Wild mangoes occur inIndia,Sri Lanka,Bangladesh,Myanmar,Sikkim,Thailand,Kampuchea,Vietnam,Laos, southernChina,Malaysia,Singapore,Indonesia,Brunei, thePhilippines,Papua New Guinea and the Solomon andCaroline Islands. Maximum species diversity exists in westernMalaysia and about 28 species are found in this region. However, in the Western Hemisphere, a few cultivars (125) derived from a breeding program inFlorida are the most popular for international trade.

 

A typical adult-bearing age mango tree must have desirable vegetative characteristics, especially:
(i) tree shape or form, good leaf orientation, leaf shape, good floral and fruit characteristics and the tree should be normal, well-balanced, in good health and exhibiting normal growth.
(ii) The tree should also have the following important characteristics:
(iii) High salt tolerance
(iv) High heat and cold tolerance
(v) High disease and insect resistance
(vi) High drought tolerance
(vii) High yields
(viii) Minimal turpentine-like off-taste fruits
(ix) low fiber content fruits
(x) Long harvest season

 

(b) Grown varieties and cultivars:
(i) Varieties grown in Florida and Hawaii, USA
Aloha: OriginSan Diego, Jerry Staedeli, 1971. From Hawaiian seed. Tree spreading, light bearer, according to rootstock affinity. Fruit large (14-18 oz.), dull yellow covered with red. Early (Oct-Nov). Susceptible to anthracnose. For coast.
Brooks: OriginMiami, 1916. Seedling of Sandersha. Tree somewhat dwarf. Fruit medium to large (10-20 oz.), kidney-shaped, green with yellow shoulder, rather fibrous. Very late. Resistant to anthracnose. For greenhouse and containers.
Cambodiana: OriginMiami, 1910. Seedling ofSaigon. Philippine type. Fruit small to medium, elongated ovate, yellow-green, juicy, flavor acid. Early. For greenhouse.

 

Carabao: OriginPhilippines. Philippine type. Fruit medium (10 oz.), elongated, kidney-shaped, light green blushed yellow. Seed very large, flesh stringy, acid, juicy. Early midseason. For greenhouse.

 

Carrie: Origin Delray Beach, Florida, 1940. Seedling of Sophie Fry. Tree dwarf. Fruit varies from small to 12 oz., regular ovate, green-yellow, fiberless, flavor high. Early. For foothills, interior and greenhouse.

 

 

Cooper (syn. Cooper No. 1 or 3): OriginHollywood, Floyd Cooper, 1948. Tree spreading, dense. Fruit large (16-20 oz.), long, green. Flesh high quality. Late. For foothills.

 

Costa Rica: OriginEast Los Angeles, Gilbert Guyenne, 1980. >From seed fromCosta Rica. Fruit small to 10 oz., elongated, flat, pale green, juicy. Very early. For coast and foothills.

 

Doubikin: Origin Kelmscott, West Africa,Arnold Doubikin, 1965. Two sibling seedlings of Kensington pass under this name. Tree dwarf, rounded, slow growing, fruits in two years from seed. Polyembryonic. Fruit round, large (12-16 oz.), midseason. For coast, foothills, greenhouse.

 

Earlygold:Origin Pine Island,Florida, 1943. Tree upright. Fruit medium to 12 oz., obliquely round, orange with red blush, fiberless, seed often abortive. Very early. Resistant to anthracnose. For coast.

 

Edgehill: OriginVista,Calif., Paul Thomson, 1920s. Indian type. Tree upright, hardy, vigorous. Monoembryonic. Blooms early. Produces small to medium (8-12 oz.), almost fiberless fruit, green with red blush. Resists mildew, subject to soft nose. Midseason (Nov-Dec). For foothills.

 

Edward: OriginMiami, Edward Simmons, 1948. Hybrid of Haden X Carabao. Intermediate between Indian and Philippine forms. Tree dense, compact. Fruit medium to large, elongated ovate, apex often oblique, yellow green with red blush. Seed very small, easily removed. Flavor excellent. Early. For interior.

 

 

Fascell: OriginMiami, 1936. Seedling of Brooks. Pat. #451. Tree open, slow. Fruit medium to large, elongated flattened, yellow with pink blush, flesh acid. Early. For coast and inland.

 

Gouveia: OriginHonolulu, Ruth Gouveia, 1946. Tree upright, open, Fruit medium to large,(10-20 oz.), long ovate, green becoming bright red. Sweet, juicy, no fiber. Late, uneven ripening. For coast and inland.

 

Haden: Origin Coconut Grove, Capt. Haden, 1910. seedling of Mulgoba. Indian type. Tree spreading. Fruit large (to 24 oz.), regular ovate, yellow almost covered with red, flavor mild, little fiber. Early. Susceptible to anthracnose and alternate bearing, traits imparted to its progeny. For interior and greenhouse.

 

 

Irwin: OriginMiami, F.D. Irwin, 1945. Seedling of Lippens.Florida’s leading local market cultivar. Tree very small. Fruit medium, 12-16 oz., elongated, ovate regular in form, orange yellow with deep blush, flesh bland, fiberless. Mid-season. For foothills, interior, greenhouse.
Julie: OriginTrinidad. Tree dwarf, slow growing. Fruit small (6-10 oz.), flat oblong, obliquely almost two-nosed, orange, rather fibrous, juicy, sweet. Late. For containers, greenhouse.

 

 

Keitt: OriginHomestead, 1945. Probably seedling of Mulgoba. Fruit large (20-26 oz.), ovate with slightly oblique apex, green, flesh rich, fiber only around seed. Resists mildew. Late. For interior.Florida fruiting July Aug., sometimes to Sept.

 

Kensington Pride (syns. Pride of Bowen, Bowen Special): OriginBowen,Queensland, 1960s. Generally propagated as seedling strain. Polyembryonic. Tree rounded, vigorous. Fruit medium to large, almost round with pink blush. Flavor sweet. Standard Australian mango cv. Fruit tends to drop at small size. Midseason. For foothills.

 

 

Kent: Origin Coconut Grove, 1944. Seedling of Brooks. Tree upright. Fruit large (20-26 oz.), regular ovate, greenish yellow with red shoulder, flesh rich, fiberless. Late midseason. For interior.

 

 

MacPherson: Origin Encinitas, L.L. Bucklew, 1944. Tree dense, low branching. Fruit small (6-8 oz.), yellow-green with red blush, flesh fairly good. Midseason. For coast.

 

Manila: OriginMexico, a seedling race common inVeracruz state. A seedling strain fromHawaii. Philippine type. Tree dwarf, dense. Fruit small to 10 oz., shaped long, flat, yellow, flavor sharp. Subject to anthracnose. Early (Oct-Dec), late picked fruit best. For coast and foothills.
Mulgoba: OriginBombay; distinct from ancient cv. Mulgoa. Fruit medium, 16 oz., greenhouse.

 

Ott: OriginLa Habra heights, William Ott, 1948. Seedling ofSaigon. Tree dwarf. Fruit medium, to six inches, orange-yellow with pink blush. Season very early.

 

Piña (syn. Pineapple): OriginMexico, a seedling strain. Philippine type. Tree upright. Fruit small to 12 oz., shape ovoid, orange yellow. Flavor suggests pineapple. Early midseason (Nov-Dec). For foothills.

 

Pirie (syn. Paheri): OriginIndia, ancient. Tree broad, spreading. Fruit small (8-10 oz.), almost round, apex oblique, yellow with red blush. Juicy, fiberless, rich flavor. Alternate bearing; blooms every 18 months. Early midseason. For greenhouse.

 

Reliable: OriginSan Diego,Calif., Jerry Staedeli, 1966. Seedling of Sensation. Tree broad, dense, slow. Fruit size varies from 10-20 oz., shape oblong, yellow blushed red. Rarely misses a crop. Subject to anthracnose, soft nose. Long ripening season (Oct-Feb). For coast and foothills.

 

Sensation: OriginMiami, 1941. Tree broad, rounded. Fruit small, round with oblique apex, yellow with red blush, fibers few. Late. For interior.

 

 

T1: OriginVista, Paul Thomson, 1969. Seedling of Edgehill. Tree low, spreading. Vigor dependent upon rootstock. Fruit medium to large, 6-8 inches, shape broad oval, green with red blush, fiberless. Subject to anthracnose, resists mildew, soft nose. Late midseason (Dec-Jan), very late on coast (Jan-Feb). For coast, foothills, interior, containers.

 

Thomson (syn. Thomson Large Seedling): OriginVista, Paul Thomson, 1966. Manila seedling, polyembryonic. Tree spreading, vigor dependent upon rootstock. Fruit small to medium, (6-12 oz.), yellow, shape flat, to eight inches. Resists mildew. High fiber under chemical fertilizer regime. Season early, long (September-November), ripens well indoors if picked prematurely. For coast.

 

Tommy Atkins: Originated from a seed planted in the 1920s atFort Lauderdale,Florida. Commercially grown for export inFlorida. Tree full, dense. Fruit medium to large, 16 oz. with thick skin, regular ovate, orange-yellow covered with red and heavy purple bloom. Firm, juicy, medium fiber, fair to good quality. Flavor poor when over fertilized and irrigated. Resists anthracnose. Early, ripens well if picked immature. For interior.

 

Villaseñor: OriginLos Angeles, 1950s, Sr. Villaseñor. Tree dwarf, spreading, responds to strong rootstock. Fruit medium, to 12 oz., shape ovate, color greenish yellow, pink blush, flavor mild. Late midseason (Dec Jan). For coast, foothills.

 

Winters (syn, M20222, Southland): Origin Miami, USDA, 1959. Seedling of Ono, Philippine type, polyembryonic. Tree broad, production variable. Fruit medium, to 14 oz., smaller in desert, shape half-round, yellow blushed red. Subject to anthracnose, resists soft nose. Parthenocarpic fruit will reach full size. Season midseason (Nov-Dec), ripens well if picked immature. For coast, foothills, interior.

 

Zill :OriginLake Worth, 1930. Seedling of Haden. Tree very spreading, open. Fruit small, 8-12 oz., almost round, apex oblique, yellow with blush, little fiber. Ripens early. For greenhouse planting.

 

Varieties grown in Hawaii, USA (Recommended varieties):

 

‘Ah Ping’, ‘Fairchild’, ‘Gouveia’, ‘Harders’, ‘Keitt’, ‘Momi K’, ‘Pope’, and ‘Rapoza’ are recommended mango varieties for Hawaii. All the listed varieties are productive and have superior quality fruit. They have less pronounced alternate-year bearing qualities than the more common ‘Haden’ and ‘Pirie’ varieties. All these varieties, including ‘Haden’ and ‘Pirie’, are monoembryonic and do not come true from seed. Flowering occurs from December to April, but offseason flowering is common, resulting in variable harvest times. ‘Fairchild’ is considered somewhat resistant to anthracnose and is favored for humid areas. ‘Exel’ is a high quality mango cultivar developed by the Department of Horticulture,UniversityofHawaii. It was selected from an open-pollinated population of ‘Irwin’ seedlings. Young ‘Exel’ trees begin to bear three to four years after transplanting into the orchard. ‘Exel’ bears fruit regularly, sets well and frequently flowers during the off season. Fruits usually mature in July and August but in some years, may mature as late as October. ‘Exel’ trees should be planted in sunny, dry areas to prevent anthracnose damage to immature fruit and flowers. ‘Exel’ fruits are ovate, 4 to 5.6 inches in length by 2.8 to 3.6 inches in width, with a short, rounded beak. The average fruit weight ranges from 14.1 to 17.6 ounces. The penduncle is set at the top of the fruit. Immature fruits are green with a purple blush. Mature fruits are yellow with a red over color on about half of the surface of the fruit. The flesh is firm, orange-yellow, juicy, sweet, and fiberless. The fruit has 18% total soluble solids. More than 90% of the fruit is edible flesh, because the fruit has a thin, flat seed.

 

(ii) Important mango cultivars in major producing countries are listed in the table below:

 

 

Advantages:
  • early cultivar of excellent fruit quality
  • small/medium seed size
  • free from fibres

 

 

Disadvantages:
  • susceptible not resistant to anthracnose and powdery mildew
  • alternate bearing
  • range of altitude adaptation is limited

 

 

Apple: The fruits are medium to large, nearly round in shape and have a rich yellow/orange to red color when ripe. Average length measures 9.7 cm by 11 cm in width, and the weight is 280–580 g (mean: 397 g). Normally, if not diseased, the skin is smooth and thin, and the juicy yellow flesh is of excellent flavor and of melting texture virtually free from fiber. This is not a polyembryonic mode for reproduction: contains more than one embryo; produces true-to-type progeny cultivar and trees propagated by seed are very heterogeneous in fruit shape, color and quality.

The trees are large/ vigorous and of pyriform growth habit. Depending on location, harvesting seasons vary depending on region and the yields are medium.

 

 

Carabao:
This early mid-season cultivar variety, typeoriginates from the
Philippines where it is grown on a large scale for both local
consumption and export. Since the seed is polyembryonicmode
for reproduction: contains more than one embryo; produces
true-to-type progeny,propagation is easily done. The medium-sized
oblong longer than broadto elongated longer than it is broadand
light green to yellow fruits are blushed with few small green
dots (lenticels); the base is rounded to slightly flattened.
The average dimensions are 13 cm long by 7.5 cm wide with weight
ranging between 220 and 311 g. The skin is thin and medium-tough.
The flesh is tender and melting with only a few fiber, lemon yellow,
spicy and sweet with good to excellent eating quality. The fruits
are produced in clusters.
The tree is vigorous, forming a large and dense canopy
crown of a plant. It is a medium to heavy bearer but may alternate.
Very good resistance to diseases has been recorded.		 Advantages:

  • seed propagation possible (polyembryonic)
  • good yields and excellent quality
  • fair/good resistance to anthracnose and powdery mildew

 
Disadvantages:

  • skin colour
  • susceptible not resistant to fruit fly
  • may alternate in bearing fruit

 

Arumanis: This cultivar variety, type is also referred to as Harumanis (Malaysia) and it originates from Indonesia. It is widely planted in humid parts of the world where many cultivars of better quality fail to fruit.The small, oval to oblong longer than broad fruits are yellow with large yellow-white dots and a rounded base. The beak a pointed projection at the tip of a fruit is inconspicuous and the skin is thin and tough. The flesh is firm and juicy with little fiber. It is lemon yellow, sweet, slightly insipid with a strong aroma, but with only poor to fair eating quality. The polyembryonic mode for reproduction: contains more than one embryo; produces true-to-type progeny seed is covered in a thick woody shell.

The tree is vigorous and tall with a slightly open canopy. crown of a plantIt bears towards low yields and biennial bearing. Resistance to powdery mildew and anthracnose is only low to fair.

 

 

Batawi:
The fruit is very large, round and has a rich olive-green
to purple-maroon color. Average length measures 10.7 cm
by 10.6 cm in width and weight ranges from 470 to
590 g (average: 523 g). The internal quality is usually good
both in texture with little fiber and in flavor. Fruits
show a prominent beak a pointed projection at the tip of
a fruit and the flesh is pale orange.
The trees are relatively small, round in shape and bear a medium-sized crop.		 Advantages:

  • seed propagation possible (polyembryonic )
  • resistance to anthracnose rather good
  • little fiber, no distinct biennial bearing

 
Disadvantages:

  • very susceptible not resistant to powdery mildew
  • undesirably large fruits
  • only fair productivity

 

Chino:
The provenance germplasm from a single place of origin of this
mid-season cultivar variety, type is not known and it will
never achieve commercial significance. However, trees produce
abundant fruits of good quality and are recommended for
backyard planting. Since the seed is polyembryonicmode for
reproduction: contains more than one embryo; produces true-to-type progeny,
multiplication of true-to-type progeny a plant’s ‘offspring’
does not pose any problems.
The medium-sized oblique and plump fruit has a greenish-orange
colour often combined with a light red flush. The average
fruit dimensions are: length 10.9 cm by 9.5 cm width;
weight 386 g (range: 195–490 g). The base is rounded and
there is an indication of a tiny beak a pointed projection
at the tip of a fruit. Lenticels are few, brown and corky.
The yellow flesh is firm, spicy and juicy with only a
moderate amount of fibre.
The tree is moderately vigorous, small to medium with a dense
rounded canopy crown of a plant. Production is heavy and
regular, but the cultivar is highly susceptible to anthracnose.		 Advantages:

  • seed propagation possible (polyembryonic)
  • small tree, but a heavy producer
  • fair resistance to powdery mildew

Disadvantages:

  • fruit lacks eye-appeal
  • very susceptible to anthracnose
  • the fruits do not store well on the tree

 

Dodo:
The fruit is large and fairly oval and ripens
from dark green to a light green and finally turns yellow.
The rounded and obvious beak a pointed projection at the
tip of a fruit faces downwards. The flesh is orange and
juicy, the fibre content varies from little to much and
there is usually a strong turpentine flavor. Lenticels
are plenty, first green and later changing to brownish.
The average dimensions are: length 11.6 cm by 9.9 cm in
width, weight 453 g (range: 339–500 g). The seeds are
polyembryonic mode for reproduction: contains more than
one embryo; produces true-to-type progeny and the fruit
may be classified as one of the best of the more common
local cultivars.
The tree is very large and of a tall, upright growth with
dense foliage and small leaves. It is an alternate bearer
but produces a considerable crop in productive years.
Fruits mature in January and February and show a very good resistance to anthracnose.		 Advantages:

  • seed propagation possible (polyembryonic)
  • good resistance to anthracnose
  • travels well to the market

Disadvantages:

  • huge tree and therefore difficult to harvest
  • tendency towards biennial bearing
  • susceptible not resistant to powdery mildew

 

Gesine:
The medium-sized, oblong longer than broad brightly coloured
fruit is of very good quality. Fruits exposed to the sun are
of an intensive red colour, while those developing inside
the canopy crown of a plant are apricot with a reddish blush.
The fruit flesh is melting, juicy, deep orange, aromatic
and relatively free from fibers. The average fruit
dimensions are: length 11.7 cm by 7.8 cm width and an average
weight of 280 g (range: 240–300 g). Lenticels are white
changing to brownish-green at maturity stage of final fruit
development (ripeness). Without treatment the fruit is
heavily attacked by anthracnose and to a lesser degree
by powdery mildew.
The tree is medium in size and forms a dense canopy. Yields are heavy and regular.		 Advantages:

  • very attractive fruits of good quality
  • crop early and consistently
  • small- to medium-sized tree

Disadvantages:

  • very susceptible not resistant to anthracnose
  • fruits do not store well on the tree

 

Golek
This cultivar variety, type originates from Indonesia.
The mid-season fruit is greenish-yellow with an orange overlay
and prominent white dots; it is oblong longer than broad
with a rounded base. The average fruit
dimensions are: length 10.9 cm by 8.3 cm width and an average
weight of 325 g (range: 210–500 g). The skin is thin and
easily separated; the flesh is soft and juicy with abundant
fiber (not objectionable), deep yellow, sweet, insipid
with a mild aroma and a fair eating quality.
The tree is moderately vigorous with an upright, open canopy		 Advantages:

  • seed propagation possible (polyembryonic )
  • good resistance to anthracnose
  • good shipper

Disadvantages:

  • fruit colour
  • flavour not very popular
  • needs more publicity

 

Haden:
This seedling of Mulgoba (Indian type) originating from Florida was
introduced in 1910 and has since been grown in numerous other countries.
Because of its excellent quality, the seed is used as parent for several other cultivars.
The medium to large-sized fruit is bright yellow with deep crimson or
red blush and numerous large whitish/yellow glands. The shape is regular ovate
and plump with a rounded base and depressed beak a pointed projection at
the tip of a fruit. Average length is 10 cm with an 8 cm width and an average
weight of 431 g. The skin is thick and tough; the flesh is
yellowish-orange, firm, very juicy with a pleasant aroma.
Moderate fiber occurs only close to the seed which is mono-embryonic
mode of reproduction: contains only one embryo and covered in a
medium-thick woody shell.
The tree becomes quite large and spreading; production is erratic but yields are satisfactory.
 Advantages:

  • very attractive appearance
  • excellent fruit quality
  • suitable for commercial plantings
  • good shipper

Disadvantages:

  • susceptible not resistant to anthracnose and only
    moderately resistant to powdery mildew; increased inputs are therefore
    needed to produce clean fruits

 

Heart:
The fruit is small to medium sized and of a bright yellow colour
with a few large white dots. It is heart-shaped with a flattened
base and beak a pointed projection at the tip of a fruit.
It has an average length of 8.4 cm, is 8 cm wide and its weight
ranges from 140 to 255 g. The skin is thick. The flesh is firm
and juicy with a moderate amount of coarse fibers; it is
lemon yellow and has a spicy, resinous aroma. Its eating
quality is only fair.
The tree is vigorous with a large, spreading rounded canopy
crown of a plant. This mid-season cultivar is a fairly good and regular producer.		 Advantages:

  • seed propagation possible (polyembryonic )
  • no distinct biennial bearing
  • resistance to anthracnose is rather good

Disadvantages:

  • flavour not very popular among consumers
  • colour of skin
  • size of fruit

 

Irwin:
As a seedling of Lippens, this cultivar variety,
type originated in Miami (1945) and has been Florida’s
leading local market cultivar for a long time.
The fruit is bright yellow with a crimson or dark red blush
and numerous large white dots. Its shape is ovate with a
rounded base; average size is 12.3 cm long and 8.5 cm wide;
average weight is 372 g. Fruits are often produced in clusters.
The flesh is soft, tender, melting and juicy; only slightly
fibrous, lemon yellow, sweet and mild with a pleasant aroma
and of good quality. The seed is mono-embryonic mode of reproduction:
contains only one embryo and embedded in a relatively
small and thin stone shell.
The tree is small to medium, moderately vigorous with an
open canopy crown of a plant and produces consistently good yields.
The fruits mature from late January until March (mid-season).		 Advantages:

  • good fruit quality combined with attractive appearance
  • one of the most prolific cultivars
  • trees are somewhat dwarf-sized 

Disadvantages:

  • short post-harvest life

 

Keitt:
This open pollinated seedling of Mulgoba originated fromHomestead (Florida)
and was released in 1946. It has an exceptional keeping quality
and may be left on the trees long after the normal harvesting time.
The fruit is large with an average length of 11.7 cm and a
width of 9.2 cm; it has an average weight of 456 g. It has a
greenish-yellow colour with pink or red blush and lavender bloom
the delicate waxy or powdery substance on the surface of berries.
There are numerous white or yellow/red lenticels on the thick and
fairly tough skin. The fruit shape is ovate and plump without a
beaka pointed projection at the tip of a fruit; it has a rounded base.
The flesh is deep yellow, fairly firm but tender, melting,
juicy and with only a little fiber near the seed. The flavor is
rich and sweet with a pleasant aroma and excellent quality.
The fairly small seed (7.5% of fruit weight) is mono-embryonic
mode of reproduction: contains only one embryo.
The tree is medium-sized, moderately vigorous, producing long
arching branches and has a scraggy open appearance.
It is a heavy and regular bearer.		 Advantages:

  • a cultivar variety, type with late maturity
    stage of final fruit development (ripeness)
  • good marketing qualities and productivity
  • fair resistance to anthracnose

Disadvantages:

  • skin coloration often inadequate
  • highly susceptible not resistant to
    bacterial black spot and affected by internal
    breakdown of the flesh (reported fromAustralia)
  • susceptible to sunburn

 

Kensington:
This seedling originated from Queensland, Australia (1960s),
and is also known as Kensington Pride and Bowen. The variety
was first discovered in Bowen, north Queensland, but is
thought to have originated as a seed imported on a shipping
line from India. Kensington Pride is renowned for its unique
flavour and is known under several different names such as Bowen,
Bowen Special or Kensington. Although this variety is the most
popular in Australia, it is not grown commercially overseas. 
At present, this early mid-season cultivar enjoys only little
attention but shows great potential especially for the local market.
The fruit is medium in size, almost round with a flattened base
and a slight beak a pointed projection at the tip of a fruit,
averaging 12.2 cm in length and 8.1 cm in width; average weight is 319 g.
When ripe, the skin colour is yellow with a slightly orange/pink blush.
The skin is thick and adherent and the flesh yellow, sweet,
soft and juicy with moderate to little fiber. The seed, covered
by a moderately thick woody stone (7.8% of fruit weight) is polyembryonic.
The trees are vigorous/spreading and produce consistent, high yields.		 Advantages:

  • propagation by both seed (polyembryonic)
    and grafting joining parts of
  • plants together such that they will unite and
    continue their growth as one plant
  • good shelf life
  • excellent eating quality

 
Disadvantages:

  • moderately susceptible not resistant to anthracnose
  • needs more publicity

 

Kent:
This open pollinated seedling of the cultivar variety,
type Brooks originated in Miami, Florida, and was released in 1944.
Kent is often mistaken for the quite similar looking cultivar
Keitt but (just one difference)Kent matures earlier. The large
fruit is greenish-yellow with a red or crimson blush on the shoulder.
The average length measures 12.4 cm with a width of 9.7 cm and an
average weight of 545 g. The fruit-shape is regular ovate with a
rounded base and often with two slight beaks. The skin is thick
and tough and small yellow lenticels are numerous; the flesh is juicy,
melting, deep yellow, fibreless and of a rich flavour. The seed,
embedded in a thick, woody stone (8.5% of fruit weight) is mono-embryonic.
The tree is large and vigorous, with a dense upright canopy
crown of a plant, and it produces good yields in the late mid-season.		 Advantages:

  • late maturity stage of final fruit development (ripeness)
  • fibreless and of excellent internal quality
  • fruits ship well

Disadvantages:

  • skin coloration is often inadequate
  • prone to storage diseases
  • may alternate in bearing

 

Madoe:
This cultivar variety, type originated from Indonesia where
it is also known as Madu. The fruits resemble the local
Apple cultivar but are much more resistant to anthracnose.
They are medium to large in size, oval/oblique in shape
with a rounded base and a slight beak a pointed projection
at the tip of a fruit. The average length measures 9.7 cm
with a width of 10.7 cm, and the weight varies from 310–450 g (mean: 380 g).
The skin colour is deep yellow/apricot with the shoulders
showing a reddish flush. The yellow flesh is soft, tender
and juicy, almost fibreless and of rich flavour.
The tree is moderately vigorous with a dense, rounded canopycrown
of a plant. It produces medium-heavy   during mid-season
and has a polyembryonic mode for reproduction: contains more
than one embryo; produces true-to-type progeny seed.		 Advantages:

  • good anthracnose resistance
  • outstanding fruit quality
  • seed propagation is possible (polyembryonic)

Disadvantage:

  • not much known on the local market

 

Matthias:
This mid-season, open pollinated chance seedling is of unknown
origin but comes most probably from West Africa. The medium-sized
ovate fruit has a deep-yellow skin and its shoulders are
blushed with red. There is only a slight beak a pointed
projection at the tip of a fruit; lenticels are at first
green and later turn yellow. The average fruit
dimensions are: length 10.3 cm and width 7.8 cm, with an
average weight of 251 g. The firm yellow flesh is sweet,
juicy and relatively free from fibres. There is a moderate
resistance to anthracnose and powdery mildew.
The tree is of medium to large size and forms a dense canopy
crown of a plant. Yields are heavy and regular.		 Advantages:

  • moderate resistance to anthracnose and powdery mildew
  • propagation by both seed (polyembryonic mode for reproduction:
  • contains more than one embryo; produces true-to-type progeny)
  • and grafting joining parts of plants together such that they
  • will unite and continue their growth as one plant
  • regular bearer

Disadvantage:

  • more adaptation trials and more publicity are needed

 

Maya:
A cultivar variety, type of unknown parentage (Haden X?),
Maya was selected inIsrael and very much resembles the
Haden cultivar although its fruits are much smaller.
The ovate and plump fruit is yellow with a reddish blush
and is medium-sized. The average fruit length measures
10.3 cm with a width of 7.8 cm, and the weight ranges
from 250–380 g (mean: 295 g). There is only a small rounded
beak a pointed projection at the tip of a fruit. Lenticels are
white at first, changing to yellow/brown later. The firm yellow
flesh is juicy and aromatic, virtually free from fibre and of high
eating quality. The fairly large seed (9.2% of fruit weight) is
mono-embryonic mode of reproduction: contains only one embryo.
The tree is large and vigorous, tends to alternate bearing
and is very susceptible not resistant to anthracnose.		 Advantages:

  • resembles Haden
  • good to excellent eating quality

 
Disadvantages:

  • highly susceptible to anthracnose
  • danger of internal breakdown of fruit flesh

 

Ngowe:
This cultivar variety, typeis also known as Lamu mango.
It is large, oblong longer than broad and slender with a
very prominent hook-like beak a pointed projection at the
tip of a fruit at the apex tip of shoot. From pale green,
the fruit develops to a most attractive yellow to orange
colour when ripe. The deep yellow flesh is of excellent quality,
virtually free from fibre, melting, and carries no turpentine taste.
The average fruit length measures 14 cm with a width of 9.5 cm,
and a weight range of 425–600 g. The seeds are polyembryonic
mode for reproduction: contains more than one embryo; produces
true-to-type progenywhich a plant’s ‘offspring’develops
more or less true-to-type plants.
The trees are comparatively small and round in shape.
Yields are medium and alternate bearing may occur.		 Advantages:

  • good to excellent fruit quality
  • moderate tree size
  • good shipper
  • seed propagation possible (polyembryonic)

Disadvantages:

  • susceptible not resistant to powdery mildew
  • tendency of alternate bearing

 

Nimrod:
This cultivar variety, type originated from Israel and likely resembles the Apple cultivar. The large oval/oblique fruit is deep yellow with a light red flush with numerous yellow lenticels when ripe. The base is flattened and there is only a slight indication of a small rounded beak a pointed projection at the tip of a fruit.
The average fruit length measures 11 cm with a width of 10 cm, and the weight ranges from 340–580 g. The skin is thick and tough and separates easily; the flesh is soft and juicy with little fibre, yellow, mild, aromatic and of good eating quality. The seed is mono-embryonic mode of reproduction: contains only one embryoand embedded
in a medium-thick woody stone (7.6% of fruit weight).
The tree is vigorous, medium-sized, with an upright dense canopy.

 

Parwin:
This seedling originated from Bradenton in Florida and was released in 1954. Of unknown parentage, it resembles Haden but lacks the latter’s bright red colour.
The fruit is medium to large with an average length of 10.8 cm and a width of 8.5 cm. The fruit weight ranges from 380 to 560. The shape is oblong longer than broad to ovate and tends to be plump; the basic colour is light yellow with a pink/red blush; lenticels are distinct and numerous. The fruits are often borne in clusters. The yellow juicy flesh is relatively free from fibres, moderately sweet with a good flavour. The medium-sized stone (7.5% of fruit weight) encloses the mono-embryonic mode of reproduction: contains only one embryo seed. The tree is vigorous with a slightly open habit and there is a remarkable resistance to anthracnose and powdery mildew. Yields are satisfactory and quite regular

 

Peach:
The roundish/oblique medium-sized fruits are fibrous.
The average size is 9.3 cm long and 8.1 cm wide with an
average weight of 241 g. The apex tip of shoot is broadly
rounded with a depression on the ventral side and a slight
beak a pointed projection at the tip of a fruit. The thick
tough skin is smooth with white lenticels and has an attractive
yellow-orange colour. The flesh is apricot-yellow with a tender
juicy texture. The eating quality is good; there is a sweet
flavour and a very slight turpentine taste.
The seed is large (8.1% of fruit weight) and polyembryonic
mode for reproduction: contains more than one embryo;
produces true-to-type progeny.
 
The trees are big and produce consistent high yields.		 Advantages:

  • fairly resistant to diseases
  • good shelf life
  • suitable for higher elevations

Disadvantages:

  • only suitable for the local market
  • contains a rather high amount of fibre

 

Sabine:
The medium- to large-sized, elongated longer than it
is broad but full fruits are of very good quality.
Those developing inside the canopy crown of a
plant are deep yellow while those exposed to the sun
are bright yellow with a dark red blush. The yellow
flesh is of medium texture, fibreless, pleasantly sweet,
juicy and of a mild aroma. The average fruit
dimensions are: length 14.2 cm, width 6.6 cm and weight
in the range of 360–520 g. The rounded apex tip of
shoot carries only a small depressed beak a pointed
projection at the tip of a fruit. The seed is mono-embryonic
mode of reproduction: contains only one embryo
and covered by a medium-sized woody stone (9.6% of fruit weight)
can also be multiplied by seed.
The tree is moderately vigorous and upright with a
dense canopy. There seems to be a slight alternation
in bearing but yields are satisfactory.		 Advantages:

  • only slightly affected by anthracnose and powdery mildew
  • no distinct biennial bearing
  • no fibres

Disadvantages:

  • needs more publicity

 

Sabre:
Most probably, this cultivar variety, type has its
origin in South Africa; already in 1928 it had been
described by Davis and in 1947 it was one of the most
widely planted cultivars. Besides its fair eating
quality, Sabre as a polyembryonic mode for
reproduction: contains more than one embryo;
produces true-to-type progeny seed producer is better
known as a rootstock plants propagated for further
grafting/budding supplier. The oblong longer than broad,
kidney-shaped fruits are small to medium sized.
On average they are 11.8 cm long and 6.9 cm broad
and weigh an average of 233 g (range: 180–290 g),
the apex tip of shoot being broadly rounded and
curved into a prominent beak a pointed projection at the
tip of a fruit. The smooth-surfaced tough
leathery skin—yellow-green, often with a reddish blush—is
easily removed from the flesh. The flesh is deep
orange in colour with a melting texture and a medium
amount of fibre. The eating quality is fair,
sweet to insipid-flavoured and normally has a turpentine
aftertaste. The seed is large, up to 9.4% of total fruit weight.
The tree is small to medium, a regular and heavy
bearer and fairly resistant to diseases.		 Advantages:

  • suitable for higher elevations
  • fairly good resistance to anthracnose and powdery mildew
  • recommended rootstock producer

Disadvantages:

  • fruit quality in general
  • over-bearing

 

Sensation:
This cultivar variety, type originates from Miami,
Florida, and was released in 1941.
The oval/oblique, medium-sized fruit is deep yellow
with a prominent dark-red to purple blush that covers
most of its surface. The rounded apex tip of shoot
shows only a slight beak a pointed projection at
the tip of a fruit formation. The average fruit
measurements are: length 10.8 cm by 7.8 cm in width and
an average of 307 g in weight. Lenticels are numerous
and pale yellow in colour; the skin is medium-thick,
tough and separates easily from the flesh.
The deep-yellow flesh is fibreless, firm and juicy.
It is sweet, of a distinctive mild flavour and of
good quality. The mono-embryonic mode of
reproduction: contains only one embryo seed is
covered in a thick woody stone (5.8% of fruit weight).
Due to its severely alternate bearing, susceptibility
to anthracnose and uneven ripening, Sensation has
lost much of its former popularity.
The trees are moderately vigorous and develop into a
broad-rounded, symmetrical canopy crown of a planta
late bearing cultivar depending on location.		 Advantages:

  • beautifully coloured late cultivar
  • none to scanty fibres
  • heavy yielder

Disadvantages:

  • susceptibility to anthracnose
  • alternate bearing
  • frequent severe internal breakdown (jelly seed)

 

Smith:
This open pollinated seedling of Haden was found
growing on the J.T. Smith farm in Honolulu, Hawaii,
and was introduced to Florida around 1946.
The elongated longer than it is broad large fruits are
of an orange-yellow base colour combined with a deep
crimson blush. The apex tip of shoot is broadly rounded
and there is no beak a pointed projection at the
tip of a fruit. The thick tough skin is covered with
large white lenticels. The average fruit size is 13.9 cm
long and 7.5 cm wide, with an average weight of 550 g.
The orange-yellow flesh is juicy, spicy, of a firm
texture and almost fibreless. The fruit quality is rated
as good and yields are moderate to heavy and regular.
The seed is fairly large (7% of fruit weight), long,
flat and mono-embryonic mode of reproduction: contains
only one embryo.
The trees grow upright and vigorously and are
harvested at mid-season. Fruits must be left on the tree
to maturity stage of final fruit development (ripeness)
if they are to develop their full colour and flavour.		 Advantages:

  • highly productive
  • nearly fibreless
  • good coloration

Disadvantages:

  • quite susceptible not resistant to anthracnose
  • tendency to only fair fruit quality

 

Tommy Atkins:
This cultivar variety, type originated from a seed
planted in the 1920s at Fort Lauderdale in Florida.
Parentage is unknown and it was released in 1948.
Tommy Atkins has become an important commercial
variety a group of closely related plants of
common origin. The fruits are medium to large,
oval to oblong longer than broad, orange/yellow with a
heavy red blush, numerous white lenticels and a
broadly rounded base. They measure an average length
of 12.6 cm, are 9.9 cm wide and have an average weight of 522 g.
The smooth skin is tough and thick. The flesh is
firm and medium juicy with a moderate amount of fibre,
yellow to deep yellow in colour, mild and sweet with
a strong pleasant aroma. The eating quality is fairly good;
the seed is mono-embryonic mode of reproduction:
contains only one embryo and covered in a thick,
woody stone (6.6% of total fruit weight).
The tree is vigorous/large with a rounded canopy crown of a plant
and it produces consistently heavy and good crops. It is an early to
mid-season cultivar and is highly resistant to diseases.		 Advantages:

  • very attractive fruits
  • excellent shipping and shelf-life qualities
  • consistent producer
  • good resistance to anthracnose and powdery mildew

Disadvantages:

  • danger of internal breakdown (jelly seed)
  • fibre content is slightly higher than average

 

Van Dyke:
This cultivar variety, type originated from
Homestead (Florida) and belongs to a selected
group of seedlings distinguished by a greater
resistance to anthracnose, very attractive colour,
and good shelf life and shipping qualities. These
seedlings appeared in the 1950s and 1960s.
The ovate, small- to medium-sized fruit (average weight 280 g)
is very attractive showing a bright yellow ground
colour with a heavy crimson blush and prominent beak
a pointed projection at the tip of a fruit.
The average fruit dimensions are: 10.5 cm length
by 7.9 cm width. The skin is thick, though easily
separating and covered with numerous white/yellow lenticels.
The flesh is quite firm, melting and juicy with little fibre,
orange-yellow, rich, spicy and sweet with a
strong pleasant aroma. It is of good to excellent quality.
The seed is mono-embryonic mode of reproduction:
contains only one embryo and covered by a medium-sized
woody stone (7.1% of fruit weight).
The trees are medium-sized with a large open canopy
crown of a plant and are regular producers but yield only moderately.		 Advantages:

  • attractive colour
  • good resistance to anthracnose and powdery mildew
  • regular bearer

Disadvantages:

  • poor to moderate yields
  • fruit size

 

Zill:
As a Haden seedling it originated in Lake Worth,
Florida, in 1930.
The small to medium, ovate fruit is yellow with an
intense red or crimson blush. The apex tip of shoot is
rounded with a small beak a pointed projection at the
tip of a fruit. The fruit shape resembles that of van Dyke,
and the average dimensions are: length 10.6 cm by 8.2 cm width,
average weight 285 g (range: 225–345 g). Lenticels are
yellow/brown and the flesh is deep yellow, juicy, soft and
without fibre. The flavour is rich and sweet and of
good to excellent eating quality.
The seed is mono-embryonic mode of reproduction:
contains only one embryo and covered by a thick woody stone (8% of fruit weight).
The tree becomes fairly large with an open, spreading
canopy crown of a plant. This early to mid-season
cultivar variety, type produces well and fairly consistently.
Zill has a moderate resistance to anthracnose and
powdery mildew, but does not withstand storage and shipping stress well.		 Advantages:

  • early season cultivar
  • regular producer
  • outstanding quality

Disadvantages:

  • not a good shipper
  • danger of internal breakdown (jelly seed)
  • low/moderate resistance to diseases

 

Zillate:
Not much is known about the origin of this cultivar variety,
type but it is assumed that the seedling was developed in Florida.
The medium-sized oblong longer than broad fruit
is of a yellow ground-colour and has an intensive red blush.
There are numerous small white lenticels covering the thick,
tough skin. The rounded apex tip of shoot carries an
almost non-existent underdeveloped beak a pointed projection
at the tip of a fruit. The average fruit
dimensions are: length 12.5 cm by 7.1 cm width, with a
weight of 291 g (range: 260–350 g). The firm, juicy,
yellow flesh is relatively free from fiber, aromatic
and of good eating quality. The fairly large flat seed
(7.8% of total fruit weight) is monoembryonic mode of
reproduction: contains only one embryo.
The tree is moderately vigorous, forming an upright
tight canopy crown of a plant. The rather late-season
cultivar yields quite well and regularly. It shows
moderate resistance to powdery mildew but is affected by anthracnose.		 Advantages:

  • good shelf life
  • fibreless and of good eating quality
  • attractive appearance

Disadvantage:

  • needs more publicity

 

Reference:
  1. Diczbalis, Y., Wicks, C. and Landrigan, M. (1997). Heat sums to predict fruit maturity in mango (cv. Kensington Pride). Draft report for HRDC FR605 NTDPI&F.
  2. Johnson, P.R. and Robinson, D.R. (1997). An evaluation of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars and their commercial suitability for theKimberley. Department of Agriculture. 21/97 ISSN 1326-4168 Agdex 234/34.
  3. Morton, J. 1987. Mango. p. 221–239. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton,Miami,FL.
  4. P.R. Johnson and D. Parr. Mango growing in Western Australia. Bulletin 4348
  5. Maxwell, Lewis S. and Betty M. Maxwell. Florida Fruit. Lewis S. Maxwell, Publisher. 1984. pp. 61-63
  6. Samson, J. A. Tropical Fruits. 2nd ed. Longman Scientific and Technical. 1986. pp. 216-234.
  7. Sherrard, J., Johnson, P.R. and Luke, G. (1997). Mango irrigation requirements for the Broome and Ord irrigation areas of Western Australia. Department of Agriculture. Draft report.
  8. Sites on Mango

 

  • Subtropical/Trop. Fruit Crops Database: http://www.agnic.nal.usda.gov/agdb/stropfc.html
  • Mango Produce Facts Linked from the Postharvest Outreach Program, UC Davis
  • Mango Overview, Propagation, And Agroforestry Uses Linked from Cornell University
  • All About Mangoes
  • Mango Fruit Facts and Mango Publications Courtesy of California Rare Fruit Growers.
  • Mango Information  Linked from NewCrops, Purdue University.
  • Mango Tip Burn And Sunburn Images  Linked from Texas A & M.
  • Mango Production Regions  Linked from the Dept. of Agronomy, U.C. Davis
  • Mango-Research and Development A site on various aspects related to manoes
  • Mango recipes, history, varieties etc  — http://freshmangoes.com. or http://freshmangoes.com/mangonews/
  • Mango Index Linked Information Mango Produce Facts
  • Mango Food Resource (http://osu.orst.edu/food-resource/index.html) Oregon State University, Corvallis
  • Postharvest Handling of Pickling Mango
  • Mango  an introductory description  http://www.safari.net/~lychee/mango.htm
  • Mangoes – Preparation and nutrition information – Preparation, cooking, and nutritional information for Mangoes
  • Mango Botanical Description
  • Subtropical/Tropical Fruits Menu  University of Florida.
  • Subtropical/Tropical Fruit Crops National Agriculture Library, USA
  • Market Asia – Technical Information (Postharvest and Market Guides) http://www.marketasia.org/tech
  • Mango Mania! is page devoted to the king of fruits http://www.delphis.dm/mango.htm
  • http://www.destinationtropicals.com/tropical_plants/plant_43.asp
  • http://mangoseedling.com/culturalmgmt.html

 

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